Faith and Reason: The Scopes Trial and Beyond
Scopes Trial
Historical Background
Historical Texts
- The Butler Act, Tennessee, 1922
- William Jennings Bryan Tract Against Teaching Evolution
“The tendency of Darwinianism, although unsupported by any substantial fact in nature, since no species has been shown to come from any other species, is to destroy faith in a personal God, faith in the Bible as an inspired Book, and faith in Christ as Son and Saviour.” - Excerpts from Dudley Malone’s Renowned Speech at the Trial:
“For God’s sake let the children have their minds kept open — close no doors to their knowledge; shut no door from them. … We feel we stand with progress. We feel we stand with science. We feel we stand with intelligence. We feel we stand with fundamental freedom in America. We are not afraid. Where is the fear? We meet it! Where is the fear? We defy it!” - John Scopes, Reflections on the Trial
“Bryan heaved a big sigh and looked up at Malone. In a subdued, slightly quivering voice, he said, ‘Dudley, that was the greatest speech I have ever heard.’ Malone … quietly to his old chief, ‘Thank you, Mr. Bryan; I am terribly sorry that I was the one that had to do it.’” - H.L. Mencken’s writings on the Scopes Trial
Contemporary Debates
Religion and Evolution — 2005-06 Poll Results
According polls by the Pew Research Center, conducted in 2005-2006:
- 63% of Americans believe that humans and other animals have either always existed in their present form or have evolved over time under the guidance of a supreme being.
- Only 26% say that life evolved solely through processes such as natural selection.
- 64% of Americans support teaching creationism alongside evolution in the classroom.

– Source: The Pew Research Center
Creationism
Institute for Creation Research
- “The Scientific Case Against Evolution” — Henry M. Morris
- “Creation and its Critics” — Henry M. Morris
More Resources Coming
Intelligent Design
- The Discovery Institute
- More Resources Coming
Theistic Evolution
New Atheism
Postmodern ANTI-Atheism
Postmodern arguments against the possibility of proving atheism on the basis of science:
- Stanley Fish, “God Talk” — against the New Atheists
- Stanley Fish, “God Talk, Part 2″
- Stanley Fish, The Three Atheists, NY Times 2007
- Stanley Fish, “Is Religion Man-Made?” NY Times 2007 — follow-up to “The Three Atheists”
“If divinity, by definition, exceeds human measure, the demand that the existence of God be proven makes no sense because the machinery of proof, whatever it was, could not extend itself far enough to apprehend him.”
Historical American Comments on Faith and Individual Reason
Levi Hart, Congregationalist Pastor, 1775
[T]he sacred cause of liberty ever hath been, and ever will be venerable in every part of the world where knowledge and learning flourish, and men are suffered to think and speak for themselves. Yet, it must be added, that Heaven hath appeared in the cause of liberty, and that in the most open and decisive manner. For this, the Son of God was manifest in the flesh, that he might destroy the tyranny of sin and satan, assert and maintain the equal government of his Father, redeem the guilty slaves from their more than Egyptian bondage, and cause the oppressed to go free.
The whole plan of Redemption, which is by far the greatest and most noble of all the works of God made known to us, to which they all tend and in which they cease, is comprised in procuring, preaching and bestowing liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to the bound. And the gospel of our salvation is principally taken up in defending that glorious liberty which is prefaced forever by the Son of God—the bondage from which he redeems us—the ransom which he paid for our redemption—the way to obtain and enjoy this Liberty, and in stating and urging the most cogent and endearing arguments, and motives, to persuade us to come out of our bondage, and accept of the Liberty wherewith Christ maketh his people free. It is on this account nominated Gospel of Good News; and is to the sinner, like the jubilee trumpet to the enslaved Israelite.
Levi Hart, “Liberty Described and Recommended,” paragraphs 3-4
James Madison, 1785
[W]e hold it for a fundamental and undeniable truth, “that religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence.” The religion then of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man, and it is the right of every man to exercise it as these may dictate. This right is in its nature an unalienable right. It is unalienable because the opinions of men, depending only on the evidence contemplated by their own minds, cannot follow the dictates of other men. It is unalienable also because what is here a right towards men, is a duty towards the Creator. It is the duty of every man to render to the Creator such homage, and such only, as he believes to be acceptable to him. This duty is precedent, both in order of time and degree of obligation, to the claims of Civil Society. Before any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governor of the Universe.
